發布時間：2024-12-07瀏覽： 7次標簽：
漏洞管理及基礎知識
在深入漏洞管理領域之前，讓我們先了解一些基礎術語和概念。首先，讓我們正式介紹CVE，即國際通用漏洞編號系統。CVE旨在為全球各組織提供一個公共的漏洞編號標準。每個漏洞都有一個獨一無二的編號，如CVE--，表示OpenSSH命令注入漏洞；CVE--，則代表遠程代碼執行漏洞；CVE--則涉及XMSS Key解析整數溢出漏洞。編號格式一般為CVE-[年份]-[漏洞編號]，長度通常為4位到5位數字。
接著，我們來談談PSIRT，即產品安全與應急響應團隊。這些團隊負責接收和管理公司產品中的漏洞，如Cisco、IBM、ZTE和NVIDIA等大廠商會設立專門的PSIRT團隊。PSIRT團隊的主要任務包括發布產品漏洞公告、披露開源漏洞信息、提供安全漏洞咨詢、接收各類渠道的安全漏洞報告等。
SN和SA是兩種不同的公告類型。SN，即安全公告，在高關注度漏洞或事件發生后，廠商會快速響應，對外發布公告，例如小米、三星和OPPO等廠商會設立專門的安全公告頁面。SA，即安全預警，在漏洞發布后，廠商會提供技術解決方案，并針對產品發布安全預警。微軟的SA系統最為完善，通常會附帶常見問題說明。隨著SN的發布頻率增加，SA逐漸淡出，廠商更多地使用SN。
SLO，即服務等級目標，在漏洞管理中，廠商內部會設定目標來指導漏洞修復工作，如漏洞感知、漏洞排查、漏洞修補等階段。這些目標幫助廠商內部管理漏洞修復流程。
接下來，我們以CVE--為例，展示漏洞申報流程。研發者在軟件漏洞挖掘后發現可能性，撰寫詳細報告，作為與CVE官方和CNA廠商溝通的橋梁。一旦廠商確認漏洞，會要求研發者提供POC和編譯文件，完成申請CVE并答復研發者后，進入產品漏洞管理管道。最后，廠商進行漏洞公告部署，并向研發者致謝，完成整個流程。
漏洞管理涉及六個主要階段：漏洞感知、驗證漏洞、制定修復方案、發布漏洞公告、部署漏洞修補措施、參與漏洞修補后活動。每個階段都是產品漏洞管理體系的一部分，廠商可根據自身需求逐步完善這一體系，形成具有特色的漏洞管理方案。
總之，深入理解這些基礎知識和術語對在漏洞管理領域取得成功至關重要。希望每位對安全領域感興趣的同學都能保持科研精神，不斷提升業務研究能力。參考相關資料以獲取更多信息。
主要信息：
熱水器就是指通過各種物理原理，在一定時間內使冷水溫度升高變成熱水的一種裝置。按照原理不同可分為電熱水器、燃氣熱水器、太陽能熱水器、磁能熱水器、空氣能熱水器，暖氣熱水器等。
制造冷氣部分和制造熱水部分。其實這兩個部分又是緊密地聯系在一起，密不可分，且必須同時工作。即制造熱水的同時，給廚房制冷。或者說在給廚房制冷的同時也在制造熱水。
節能減排是國家倡導的發展方向，具有更少能源消耗量的產品將是未來發展的一個方向。太陽能熱水器和空氣能熱水器作為低能耗的產品發展勢頭較好。
然而，由于產品自身的一些限制，產品在滿足消費者需求上有一定的局限，于是綜合能源利用成為了熱水器發展的另一個方向。
熱水器測評網認為，作為新能源產品的太陽能熱水器和空氣能熱水器正展現出強勁的發展勢頭，兩種品類因其獨特的性能迅速拓展市場，在消費者當中有較強烈的反響。
????????¨????±??????-???é??????¤??????-??????è??????????????????′???ˉ??ˉ?????3??????è???ˉ1?????1????o?????±￥è??èμ·??°?§ˉ????????¨?????????????¤???????é???ˉ1??????è???????°é?????è?|?????§?????￥?????ˉ?????o?¤§??????é?????è?￥??????è???1|?ˉ???????????ˉ1?¤§??????????????????
è?￥??????è???1| ?ˉ?1
????????2??1????????￥???????§°??2??1???
???????1???1????????￥???????§°?1???1???
???????1???1?·2?????2??1?o?????????￥???????§°a???????????a?????????o|????1???1?????2??1????§?xx??????é?1???C??oC7?1￠???????????????????????·???é?o?????±è??8é?′????????2?1??????1?????????è?′????????????è?￥????|???????
????????????????????2??1???????1???1??¨???è?°???é?o???????o??????????è?￥?????????è?￥è????′??o?±?è?|é????????
??????????o?????????2??1???????1???1è|??±????é?¤??????é?¨2?￥?????1????è￡???·é??é?¨?????o?-¤?1???1?????o?|???????èˉo???
??????1????1???1è?a????o¤??o??????é?¨è′1??¨???2?￥???????èˉ?é??????1???1???èˉo??¨xx?1′9?????￥????°????é?o??????é?¨???è￡???°????????￠?¤??????·?o¤?????2??1????????2??1?￡?éa????????????¨é￠?é??è?????èˉ?é??????|???????????????2??1??1??????é????????é??é￠???????èˉ?é????-?o???￥??￡é?¤???
??????2????1???1???èˉo???è￡?????????·é??é?¨?????|??????????????′?????￠è±?é??????????????????????·???????·￥??1???é????￥èˉ·é??????????????è?￥??????????????????é?¨???
?????????????????????è?￥??????è????a?o|????????????????????§è????????è?￥??????è???????????????o|?????????è?′????????￥???è?￥??????è????o??????
?????????????????????è?￥??????è???￡1???è′°???????????1?????§?￡1????????????è????·???????????????????-??3?????????????è?a?????1?-?????1???￥èμ·?????????
????????2??1???????????????_________
???????3??????￡è?¨?oo????-??-???????_________
??????_________?1′____???____??￥
???????1???1???????????????_________
???????3??????￡è?¨?oo????-??-???????_________
??????_________?1′____???____??￥
è?￥??????è???1| ?ˉ?2????????2??1(??? ???)???__________?-????/??????(?o￠??°) ?1???1(????§??oo)???__________?-????/??????
???????1???1èo????èˉ???·??????_______________________________________(é??????oo??????) ?????? ??2??1?°? é???13 è·ˉ??? ??·??¤???????±???o?§?????1???1?????o ????·￥?±???? ?????¨??? ?o???? ?§????è′°?1′??????xx?1′?????￥èμ·??°xx?1′?????￥??o?-￠???
???????????? ????§?é????o?oo?°??????????é???????????????1???1??±??°é????ˉ???(è???¤§??????????￡1??°???????????′)??? ?????????èˉ?é??
??????1????o¤????§?é????????????1???1?o???|??????èˉ?é???oo?°???? é??????￡1??°??? ??′(?°?????????￥????oo?°????)???
??????2??????èˉ?é????ˉ?????1????????°é????ˉ??????
???????o?????1???1?§???¨????o??3¨?????￥????o?é?1???
??????1????1???1?o?é?μ?oa????3????????3??±????????1?è?aè?????????????3?????-??????????????3è′￡??????
??????2????1???1?±??????¨èˉ￥??o?§???????????oo??????????¤§?￡°??§???????1±????????????????????￥é????°?1±?·|é????3è??????±????????|???????èˉ??????￥è-|?-??ˉ1??2??1é????????è?ˉ??±???????????2??1??ˉ??????????-￠?????????????1???1??????????o?è′￡??????
??????3????1???1?o??3¨????±?????????¨???è?aè??é?????é?2??????é?2????-??????¨??a???????????o??¨??μ?????¨??????????1±???????1±??￥??μ?o?;?ˉ1?o?é?2??????é?2????????¨??μ?????¨è??è?????????￡???￥????|??1???1??a?????????é??????????????????¤±??????????¤±??±?1???1è?aè????????;é???????2??1????±?è′￠?o§????¤±?????±?1???1??¨é￠?èμ?????????2??1;é?????????????1????±?è′￠?o§????¤±?????±?1???1è′?è′￡?¤?????????±?1???1??¨é￠?èμ?????ˉ1??1????1????è???o|?¤???????
??????4????1???1?ˉ1?§???¨????2?????¤?????????????è?????è?a????§????è???§????????·￥??????????¤????è???oo????1????è????1????????¨é???????|????±??o?è???o|????|?????-¤?±??????μ??????é?¤??ˉ???è???o|é???¤??????2??1??????è§￡é?¤???è???1???????????±????
????????μ????°′?????μè§??????????è???????±?1???1?????¨????o§??????è′1??¨(???????2???????????o?é?¨é?¨??????é?1??????è′1??¨)??±?1???1?????????è?3é￠???′?o3????|?????¤±èˉˉ???é?????éo???|????1???1è?aè??è§￡??3??????é????2??1??oé?￠??????è§￡??3???????1???1?o???ˉ?????2??1???è|?è′1??¨??? ??￥?????′è′1??????èˉ·?1???1è?aè??????-??????￥?¤???￥?ˉ1???
??????é???????μè?¨?o???°___________;?°′è?¨?o???°___________;??μè§?è′1______________; ??￥?????°?????±?1???1è?aè??????ˉ1???è?aè???????????
??????4????1???1??¨?§???¨?????????????????1???????±?????????????è?????;?????¨??-?|????????????????é????μ???????o??o?????¤???????é?????è′1??¨è?a???????1???1è￡????é???????????è′1??¨è?a???;?1???1é???§?????§??????°????|?é?????é?¤è￡????èˉ·????????￠?¤?????±????è2?????o§???è′1??¨??±?1???1è?a???????1????è???o|?¤???????
??????5?????2??1??????????1???1??¨?§???????????ˉ1???è?aèo?é????????????¤±????ˉ1????????1é??????????????é????·???????μ???????è?￥????3????è′￡??????????¤±???
????????-????????3é???§????è??è??è???§??????????
??????1??????è????????????1???1?±￥è????????è??????????????????????2??1??????????????????????±?(????????2??1è?????è????′?1??¤?????????ˉ????o????????1???1è???o|????????μ???é?¤?¤?)???
??????2????1???1?§??????a??°???é?????é????°é??è|??±?é???§??????????é?????????????2??1?????????è?′?????ˉ??￥??????????-￠?????????
??????3??????è????????????1???1?|??????o??°??￥??????????????μ???é???§????è??è??è???§?????????±?o??1???1è???o|??????é???????2??1????????????????±???????????????μ???????1???1é?????é????????è????′??????????o???????é?1???
??????4????1???1????§???°????o?????￥????è???§???????è???????????é?￥???????????3??????(é????§???)????|????????§???????????????¨è???¤??????????????1???1è′?è′￡????¤????è????2??1??¨???èˉ?é???????￡é?¤????o?èμ????é??é￠????
??????5????1???1?2????é??è????2??1?1|é?￠??????????-??-????è??è??è???§?è????o????±??1???1??????è??è??è???§?????1???1?????????è??è??è???§???ˉè???o|è????o??2??1????o????è?¤???
?????????????????3??-?§?????o?é?1
??????1????§????è????¨é?μ????????????è??????????μ????????ˉ??￥è?·???????????-?§?????????????é????¨????§????????????￥????????a????????2??1é????°?-?è?￠?§???????è??????§?é????¨?????????è???§?é????o??????é???1′????￠????????￠??1??o|??1?¤?????1′?????μ?????????
??????2?????¨????§?????·2??°????????°?????-?§????è??è????a?-?è?￠????????μ????????2??1?°???????????±???????????-??o|??-?§???? ????????????è???????2?1??????1?????????è?′?????????????-???????????????????????-?è?￠?1???￥??o??????è?????????????￥???;???????????????é????§è???????????è???????????è???o|???è???o|é??é??é￠???o?oo?°???????????????′???????1???1è???o|?°???ˉ????????2??1è???o|é???¤?????????2??1??????????±??1?????1???1??1?????????è??????????′???????§?è′1??¨???????o??????????
???????1????????§???????è????o??2?1??????1????-￡??????è???????￥????????o???(??2??1??a????o￠??°??????????±??-￡??????è??????¤???°??????è???????o?-￡??????è???????¨)???
????????????è?￥??????è????? ?1???1?o???±??¤??o?§???????è?????è???¤?????|???????????1???1?o???????????¤??????§??·èμ???????èμ????é??é￠??????2??1è￡??????????????????o???????-￡????￡¨???é?¤?¤????
?????????????????????è???￡1??? ??? ???????ˉ???? è′° é?μ?????2?1??????1?????§?￡1??????????????1??-????￡1??????
????????2??1??? ?-????/??????(?o￠??°) ?1???1??? ?-????/??????
??????è???3???μèˉ????_______________________ è???3???μèˉ????_________________________èo????èˉ???·???_______________________??????èˉ???·???_________________________
??????è???3???μèˉ????_______________________è???3???μèˉ????_______________________
??????????????1??-??????_______________________
????????????è???-?è?￠?o????xx?1′6?????￥ ??3??￥??????
è?￥??????è???1| ?ˉ?3????????2 ??1??? ?????￥???????§°??2??1???
???????1? ??1??? ?????￥???????§°?1???1???
???????-??o|??°??1???
???????-??o|???é?′???
????????o???????????????è′¨é????????????·￥?¨?????·￥è???o|???è??????-￥??¨è??????o???oè??????????2?1??????1????￥????????????1????1???1é??è|??????¨??2??1??ˉè?????è????′????????2??1??ˉ??o?1???1?????????é?????é?¨??????????????°?°±é????2??????é?¨?????????????????3?o????è????????è?′???è§????è?￠????|????è?￥??????è???????￥????????1??±???é?μ??????
??????????????2????????????è????′
????????2??????????????????è????′??o????¤§??????é?????é??????°′?3￥.5???.5?????3???????￠???3?????3???????￠???3???é??????????¨?o?????2???3?????¤???????o§?????3???????￠???3????|????è?????è?3è??è?????è§?è??è|??±?????|???±?1???1?ˉ1?¤?è?aè??é??è′-?????￥????????????
???????o??????2????????????è?????
???????1???1???é????¨?ˉ??????￥????°??????????é????2?????????è???????￥??2??1???é??é?¨?¤??????????è??????????￥?????????????????1??????é????????????3?????o??-???±???????·￥??????????¤±??±?1???1?????????è??????o???￥?1|é?￠??￠????????￥????1?????????3è′￡????oo?-?è?¤???é?1?????°??oè′?è′￡?oo?-??-???????é?1???é?¨???????????1??ˉ???????????????è??????????-?o??3¨?????????????§°???è§?????????°é?????????????¨é?¨????????°è′§??￥??????
??????????????2?????????????￡?éa??￡??μ?
??????1???é????2??????é?????é??????°′?3￥è????o???????1???1???é???ˉ1?????????è′¨é?????è§?????????°é??????¤?è§?è??è??éa????????1?????￥?éa????è?°??????????????3è§????é???????3?￡??μ???o????o???￥?￡?éa?????￡?éa????????????1??ˉ?????¨????|??????°?????????????????????é????￥??2??1?1?????￥???????????°??-??·￥?????????????????3èμ????????????2??1?ˉ1???????????????è??è???????o??????????o????????′￠èμ??????????????????????è????oè′¨é?????
??????2?????2????????3???????￠???3????1???1?o?????°?????????·????????3è§??????￥é???????3?￡??μ???o???è??è???￡?éa??￡??μ?????￡?éa??￡??μ???|???è|??±??????1??ˉ?????2??1??????????????2???è?????????1???1?￡?éa??￡??μ???????????o???￥??2??1?·￥?¨???????é?¨é?¨?¤????????-?????|?????1???1??a????-¤è|??±?è??è???￡?éa??￡??μ??????′??￥?????¨??????????????°?????2??1?????3??????é?¨é?¨?°??o???￥é???¤?????1?è|??±??1???1?????3è???·￥??????é?????????·￥??????èˉˉ?????????è???·￥????¤±?|???±?1???1è?aè??è′?è′￡????|???????è?a?????¨?????2??1é?????????¤±????????2??1????1?è??????1???1è′￡??????
??????????????2????????????é￠???¨?¨??o?
???????1???1é￠???¨???????o???????3?¤?é????￥??2??1???è′§?????2??1???é??é?¨?????§??????????????????è??????????????è′§?????2????1??????1??°??oéa?è′§???è?¤????????±??2??1??????é￠??????????é￠??????????é????????????￥?é￠???¨??????????§°???è§?????????·?????°é??????????·???é??é￠????é￠?????????????é????±?1???1è′?è′￡?oo???è???§?????oo?-??-????è?¤???
???????o??????2????????????è??è???????¨?-??????????
????????2?????????????o¤è′§??°??1???é???o???2??1?????oè????′???????·￥??????????o??????????????????1????????oè????′??????è??è???????¨?-???????????|???±?1???1è′?è′￡??????è??è???????¨?-????????????ˉè????o??°????????????è???|???±?1???1è?aè???????????
????????-???è′§?????ˉ????????????
???????ˉ??????￥?????±?1???1é???????2??1???é??é?¨?ˉ1è′|???????ˉ1???èˉˉ?????±??2??1??o??·?????2??????????ˉ1è′|?????????è′￠???é?¨??-??????é￠???¨??o?o????????ˉ1è′|???????????2????????????????????¨??¨????1???1???????·￥?¨?è???o|????????2??1???è???o|?????-??￡???????|??1???1?????￥?????2??1??????é????????è??è??????-?è?￠??????????????·èˉ|è§?é?????????°′?3￥?o§?????￡??????è??????1°?????????>????1???1??ˉè?aè??é??è′-??????????1???1?????????????????·?????2??1??????é??????-?è?￠??????????????·?????·?·???±?1???1è?aè??????????????
??????????????????è???????????????????2??1??????????1???1?????????
????????2??1??????????????? ?1???1???????????????
???????3??oo??￡è?¨?oo??? ?3??oo??￡è?¨?oo???
???????§??????￡????oo???????-??-???? ?§??????￡????oo????-??-???????
???????o?Oxx?1′ ??? ??￥ ?o?Oxx?1′ ??? ??￥
è?￥??????è???1| ?ˉ?4??????( ?1′??2è??è′·?-???? ??· )
?????????????oo???
??????è′·????oo?????-?????oè??é??è??è????????é??????????3?·???????è??????????ˉè??
????????1?????3?·??????????????§ˉé??????????-???(????§°??-???)??????????oo???????????￡????oo??±?????o??·???.???????§ˉé??é???????2è??è′·?????1???è?¤è?¨???(????§°?????2è??è′·???è?¤è?¨???)(?????· ___________)??????????oo???è′·????oo?ˉ1?????a?oo?????????????????????(?????· __?1′ __?-? __________??·)?-?è?￠è?￥??????è???|???????
???????????????????oo???????ˉ1?????2è??è′·???è?¤è?¨??????????????·
???????1′_?-???? ________??·?????a?oo?????????????????????é?1????????????????§ˉé??(??????)è′·????????????é???????2è??è′·(????§°??2è??è′·)???
???????o????è′·????oo?????-????????1???è?¤??????èμ·é?????è?a??¨???????????2è??è′·???è?¤è?¨???è′|??·??????????§ˉé?????è?????????oo???????o?è??è′·????????ˉ???????ˉ??????a??2è????????????-￡????????μ????????2è??è′·??￥??o?ˉ??????￥??????????oo?ˉ??????￥?????￥???????????????è????????
????????-????????1???è?¤?????????????oo???é??????????a?oo??????????????????????o|???è???????￥???é????????
?????????è?°????????ˉ???è′·????-￡?????￡?????￥??¨?ˉ??????￥(?????￥)??￥???????????????è′·????-￡?????￡?????￥??¨?ˉ??????￥?1????????????-????????1???è?¤?????????è??è′·è§???o????????????è???????????é?????????oo????????a?oo??????????????????????o|???è???????￥???é????????
?????????è′·????-￡?????￡?????￥??o?ˉ??????￥????????-????????1???è?¤???????????2è??è′·???è??é??é￠??????????????o?è?????é￠?(???é???????aè??é??é￠?)????????????????o?è?????é??é￠?(??3????????￥è?3????????￥????o?è?????é??é￠?)???
??????????§ˉé???-???????è?3??￥???è?????????o?è?????é￠???????è′·????oo??¨?????a?oo??????????????????????o|????????￡?????￥????????????????oo????§??????￡???è′|??·??￡??￡?·?é￠?é?¨?????????????oo?o?????????¨?§??????￡???è′|??·?-???￥?ˉ1?o?é??é￠???￥???é????????
???????????????????oo???????|?????o?é?1???
??????(???)?????????è???-???????????????a???èμ·??????????ooé??è′·?′ˉè??è??3?????????????????????????§ˉé??????????-??????????????2???è′·????oo????-￠?????????????oo??????????§ˉé????2è??è′·???????????￠?¤?????????a?oo??????????????????????o|????????￡?????1??????
??????(?o?)???????oo??????è?aè?????????????2è??è′·é??????????????è???ˉ?????o?è?????????ˉ?è?′è′·???é????????????¤±???
????????????????????????(???????????￠??·??????è??????????????è°???′?-?????′??ˉ?è?′???è?a???????????o???????????????)???è????????è??è????2è??è′·??????????ooé??????????a?oo??????????????????????o|???????§??????￡???è′|??·?????￡?????￥????-?è?3èμ?é??è??è??è????????
???????o??????????è???????±??????????oo??¨???è?°?????a?oo?????????????????????é?1???????1??????????è?o????§????????ˉ?è?′?o|???è′|??·???????§ˉé??????3?????????¨?o????è??è′·?????????è?3??￥???è???o?è??è′·????????ˉ?????????????oo????o?????????a?oo?????????????????????????o|????????3??¨??￡?????￥?1?????°????????o?è?????é￠??-???￥???????§??????￡???è′|??·?????|?????±?-¤??o??°è′·???é??????????????????¤±???????????±???????oo?????????è′·????oo????????1??????è?°?????a?oo?????????????????????????o|???è|??±????????oo??????è???o|è′￡??????
è?￥??????è???1| ?ˉ?5????????2??1??? (??￥???????§°??2??1)
???????1???1???(??￥???????§°?1???1)
???????1???1?·2?????2??1?o?)(??￥???????§°a???????????a??)????o|????1???1?????2??1????§?é???????????é?1??? C ??o C7 ?1￠ ????????????????????? ??·???é?o?????±è?? 8 é?′????????2?1??????1?????????è?′????????????è?￥????|???????
?????????????????? ??2??1???????1???1??¨???è?°???é?o???????o??????????è?￥?????????è?￥è????′??o?±?è?|é????????
??????????o??????? ??2??1???????1???1è|??±????é?¤??????é?¨2?￥?????1????è￡???·é??é?¨?????o?-¤?1???1?????o?|???????èˉo???
??????1????1???1è?a????o¤??o??????é?¨è′1??¨(2?￥?)???èˉ?é??????1???1???èˉo??¨xx?1′9?????￥????°????é?o??????é?¨???è￡???°????????￠?¤??????·?o¤?????2??1????????2??1?￡?éa????????????¨é￠?é??è?????èˉ?é??????|???????????????2??1??1??????é????????é??é￠???????èˉ?é????-?o???￥??￡é?¤???
??????2????1???1???èˉo???è￡?????????·é??é?¨?????|??????????????′?????￠è±?é??????????????????????·???????·￥??1???é????￥èˉ·é??????????????è?￥??????????????????é?¨???
?????????????????? ???è?￥??????è????a?o|????????????????????§è????????è?￥??????è???????????????o|?????????è?′????????￥???è?￥??????è????o??????
?????????????????? ???è?￥??????è???￡1???è′°???????????1?????§?￡1????????????è????·???????????????????-??3?????????????è?a?????1?-?????1???￥èμ·?????????
????????2??1(??????)???_________ ?1???1(??????)???_________
???????3??????￡è?¨?oo(?-??-?)???_________ ?3??????￡è?¨?oo(?-??-?)???_________
??????_________?1′____???____??￥ _________?1′____???____??￥
è?￥??????è???1| ?ˉ?6????????2??1???xxx?·￥???é????????
???????1???1???
???????????1???xxx?-|é?￠
????????2????1????????????1???????13?-??o?????????±??????????????????????°±??2??1é????¨?????1?ˉ????????o?????????¨??????????°±??????è???1|?????o??????è??????|????è?￥??????è?????
?????????????1???1?o???????????°±???è§????????????2??1?|??????????è?a?·±????????μ????o?è§￡??????????????¨?????????è?¨???è?a?·±????°±??????è§??????¨è§??????????é?′?????°??2??1??￥??°???è?￥é????°??1????????μ???è??????????￥??°???é??????????2??1?????????
???????o??????2??1è|??|???????????????????????????μ??????????1???1???è|??±???????????????????????￥????é?1??￥????·￥????????????????ˉ????èμ?????????¨?oo??????????????￥?-|?1?????????o??±?????oè???o|?????a???????ˉ????èμ?????????????è???????????
?????????????????1è|??|?????????2??1???????1???1????????μ???????￥???¨è???·￥????????2??1???????????¨??????????????1???????????￥??oè???°±???è??????????￥?????????è?2é?¨??1???????????1è′?è′￡è????o?′?é?￡?????-???
?????????????????1?o???¨?1???1?ˉ?????????????????￡?????1???1??-èo????èˉ?????-|???èˉ????????￡???￥???(è|??±????????????§??????)?-?èμ??????°??2??1??￥??°???
???????o??????2??1???è′1???????·￥???é¤????????????????????o??????¨?????±??2??1???????????￥???????′???¨???è?a??????
????????-?????2??1???è′1???????1???1?·￥??????è￡??????3?????¨??????è???????￥?|????(?????2??1?????3è§??????§è??)???
?????????????1???1????????2??1????·￥?????????????|?????·￥???é??è|????é???·￥??????é?′????????-???????????2??1????????3è§??????§è?????
?????????????1???1????·￥????ˉ?è?′????·￥??¤?o?????????2??1è′?è′￡?????3??¨?????¤?????????????????3è′1??¨???????·￥??????é?′?1??¤?????o??????????è′1??¨è?a??????
???????1??????2??1???????1???1????-|????????¨??°????????2??1????o¤é??è′1??¨(è?????è?3?μ·???)(?ˉ?????????-?￥¨??￥é??)?????¨èˉ???¨??????????1???1????????￥é??è???oa???????????a?oo?????????è?a???????|?è??????o¤é??è′1??¨??±?1???1è?a??????????????1?????????è?￥?????2??1é?????????μ?????¤±????????2??1???è????????????μ?èμ?????????????????1???1?o??o???￥é?????è§￡??3???
??????????????2??1??1????·￥???é??è|?è′?è′￡?ˉ1?1???1è??è?????è|????????????￥èˉ????è?????é????·????2???????è?????è§????????o|?????1è?-???????????μ??3?1???1????ooèo?????3????????????oè???????3??¨???
?????????????????¨?????????é??è????′????????a?????2??1???è??????|??1???1???è?a?|?????·￥?????????(??°??2??1??￥?¤????????°±???????§?è?a?????????)????±??????2??1????1???1??????è??(??????)è?a??¨????-￠?????2??1????????????????????3è§????è??è???¤??????′è?3è??é?????
??????????o?????1???1??¨?????????é?′????|??????°???è???oa???è??è§?è????o???????????2??1??????é?????é???¤§????¤±???????????2??1?????3è§????è??è???¤??????′è?3è??é?????
?????????????????2??1??¨?????oè??é????3????1????????o???????é????￥?1???1????1??°??1|é?￠???è§??????￥?1???1???
????????????????1???1???é??é?μ?????2??1??????é?1è§????????o|???????????2??1?????????????????????????o???2??1????????￠è±?????o???????
??????????o?????1???1?-￡???????2?????????1?????2??1???è|??±???????????????￥????-|????????????è???????1é????????è′¨???é???????????é?1?·￥??????????????a?????????????·￥???è§?è????????é?μ???è??????oa????????1???è?ˉ?￥????è?????é????·è§???μ???
???????????-?????????è??????????1?-??-???????????????????????????1é???o???￥????±￥è????????è?????è?￥????????1?????o?????′???è?????é??????????|??¤??1??????;è?￥?????1è???????????è???????±è???o|??1?????|??¤??1????o¤?o3è???o|é??XX??????
?????????????????????è???????????è????·???????-??3?????????????
?????????????????????è???????????????????2??1??§??¤???????1??????¤??1?????§??????????¤???°?????????
????????2??1??????(??????)??? ?1???1?-??-?(??????)??? ?????1??￡è?¨?-??-?(??????)???
???????-?è?￠??￥?????? ?1′ ??? ??￥
è?￥??????è???1| ?ˉ?7????????????????????2?????1???????°???????????±??§?èμ??????????????1??????￥?????????????????1??ˉ????????′??￥?±???￥?1???1??o??2??1????????????èˉ?é???????·??????
??????????o?????????2?????1??????????1????????oo?°????é?￠è?????a???1????????oo?°????é?￠?§?èμ?è′1???é??????1???1??o??2??1????????????èˉ?é???????·??ˉ???????o???????a?????è?￥??????è??????1????èˉ￥???è??é????????
????????????????????2?????1?????????????????????????????2?????1????1????????oo?°????é?￠?????????????±??§?èμ??????????????????2?????1?????????????1???1?????¨?1????????oo?°????é?￠??a?????????????±??§?èμ????????????????????????3?o???????????±??§?èμ??o?????????1??????è?￥??????è????????????1???1??o??2??1?????????èˉ?é???????·?????ˉ????o??????????????1???1????????′??￥??￡?????2?????1????1????????oo?°????é?￠?????????
????????????????????2??1??????èˉ￥???èˉ?é???????·???èμ?é????oèˉ￥?????o??????è′¨?????????é?????èˉ￥é?1???èˉ?é???????·?????¨?o??°??-??§?é???????￥???????1???1?????????????????¨?o?????????¨é?????èˉ￥é?1?????o?????????é??????????ˉ?????????è′1??¨??¨???è′·??????è?????????????????????????2??1????????￥???????????±??ˉ???????????¨???è??è??èˉ￥é?1???èˉ?é???????·???èμ?é???????2??1???????1???1????????′??￥??￡???èˉ￥???èˉ?é???????·??????èμ?é????¨?o????è??èˉ￥?????o??????
??????????o?????????a????1???1?1|é?￠???????????2??1??????????-￠???????????1?§?èμ????è?????
????????a?°??o????????????1??|è?????????????????è??????????-???????????1?-??????????
??????????????3?o???????????±??§?èμ??o?????????1??????è?￥??????è?????????????????????±??§?èμ??????????????????oèˉ￥é?1???è?????é????????
????????2??1(??????)
???????3??????￡è?¨?oo(?-?)
???????1???1(??????)
???????3??????￡è?¨?oo(?-?)
???????????1(??????)
???????3??????￡è?¨?oo(?-?)
??????xx?1′x???x??￥
è?￥??????è???1| ?ˉ?8?????????????oo???____________________?????￥???????§°?????2??1???
?????????????oo???____________________?????￥???????§°????1???1???
???????·￥?¨?????§°???______________________________???
???????·￥?¨???°??1???______________________________???
?????????è′￠?¨??????????????o3?¨??oo???????￠?????¨??o??¨?é?????è????o???è??è????￡è′§?????????é????¨_____%???_____%?¨???????????¨??????????è°???′??o_____%???_____%???èˉ￥?????????__________?1′_____???_____??￥??§è???????°?????2?1??????1è?a??????????13???????￥???????????????1?°±__________?1′_____???_____??￥?-?è?￠???_______________?·￥?¨????????????￥???????§°??o????????????????|????è?￥??????è?????
??????????????????????-?è?￠??o????¨???·????·￥?¨?é????·???????????????
???????o??????a?-￠_____?1′_____???_____??￥???????1???1???????????2??1?·2é￠?????·￥?¨??????¨é￠??????·?¨??????o_____%????￠?????¨??????¨????￥¨???_____???_____??￥?????ˉ???????·￥?¨???????????¨??????o_____%?????·?￠?????¨??????¨????￥¨???
???????????????????·￥????????-è§?????????·?￠?????¨??¨??????o_____%????￠?????¨??????¨????￥¨??????????o????
?????????????-¤???è??????????1?-??-?????????????????????????_____???????????1?????§_____????????·???????-??3???????????????????è????????????????3?????o??????????????ˉ?????2?????????é?¨??????é?¤??????è????-?????????????????1??????????1??¤??????????????????????é?¨????o??????¨??§??-?????????
???????o?????|??????a?°??o????????????1??|è???????????
????????2??1???___________________?1???1???____________________
??????__________?1′_____???_____??￥__________?1′_____???_____??￥
è?￥??????è???1| ?ˉ?9????????2??1
???????1???1???
????????1???????μ??±?????????′??????è?a??o????μ?é????¨??????????????????????3????????????3è§??????????????-|??????é???????μ???????????1??????????-?è?￠?|???????è?????
??????????????2?1??????1?o???￥?????§è??????μ??±?????????′??????________________???è???1|??????
???????o????????1???1?o??????2??1è?a??o????μ????????1???1??¨??2??1?????????????o???????????o?????1′????????-è?a??￥????1???￥èμ·??????????????????????o??o??1′(?-￡????|?é??????oo???é?¤?¤?)????1???1??¨??2??1???????????a????|????è????????è?o????§?????????????é???????2??1??ˉ???è???o|é?????è???o|é??é￠??o|??o?1???1???è′-?????¨?|???????????????o????????·(??￥???è′￠?¨??±?è?¤??ˉ???????±?èˉ???°??o??????èˉ???°??·??o???)????1???1è′-?1°èˉ￥????????????é￠?????·?é￠?????1???1?????a??????????1′é??è??è?????????????3è???o|é??é￠??o|=(???è′-???èˉ???°??·-è′-???????????????é￠?)????a??????????1′???/???èˉ￥è???o|é????¨?1???1?|????????????????????????§??ˉ????????2??1???
?????????????1???1è′-??????????????????è?a??1???èˉ￥?????¨é??;??????????????????????o¤??????é???????2??1???????????¨????-???·???????????2??1?????????è′-?1°??????
??????????????????è????a????o?????????±??2?1??????1??????è§￡??3???
???????o??????????è?????????o?????????2?1??????1?????§??????????????1?-??-???????????????????
????????2??1(??????)???__________?1???1(?¤??|??????1?-??????????)???__________________
????????￡è?¨?oo(?-????)???__________èo????èˉ???·???__________________
??????èo????èˉ???·???______________________
??????xx?1′___???____??￥xx?1′___???____??￥
最新文章
熱門文章
閃電上門
施工安全
服務全國
一站式服務